Europe, translated literally from Chinese

Most Chinese names for European countries are spelled out by sound. Read the characters for what they mean instead, and Russia becomes Sudden Net This.

Map of Europe with each country labelled with its Chinese name read character by character, such as Sudden Net This for Russia and Virtue Country for Germany
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How the names work

Chinese doesn’t have an alphabet, so foreign names are written with characters that sound right. Russia is Éluósī, written 俄罗斯, and taken one character at a time that means suddenly, net, this. Read the same way, the USA is 美国, Beautiful Country, although the 美 was chosen for the sound of America.

There is a proper system. In mainland China, the state news agency Xinhua keeps official tables of which character to use for each sound, and the guidance says to avoid characters with unpleasant meanings. As far as I can tell, Hope Dried Meat passed.

The short ones

The UK, France and Germany each use one sound character plus 国, which means country. The UK is 英国 because 英 starts the Chinese spelling of England, and it also means hero. France is Law Country and Germany is Virtue Country the same way.

Portugal gets Grape Tooth, because its first two characters together are the word for grape. Greece gets Hope Dried Meat. Several countries end in 亚, which is used for the sound of a final a. On its own it means second, so Romania is Net Horse Nun Second.

Five countries end in Orchid: the Netherlands, Ireland, Finland, Poland and Ukraine. Only the Netherlands is known for flowers.

The real translations

Only a few names are actually translated. Iceland is 冰岛, ice island, Montenegro is 黑山, black mountain, and North Macedonia starts with 北, north. Belarus is half and half: 白 means white, and the rest is Russia’s name, so it comes out as White Sudden Net This.

For more of the same, see what each country says instead of when pigs fly or what colour a black eye is in each country.

Sources: Wiktionary on 俄, on 英 and on 亚, and Chinese Wikipedia on Montenegro, and Wiktionary on 美国 and Kosovo, and Language Log on 美国, Wikipedia on transcription into Chinese and a UN paper on how China writes foreign place names.

CountryChinese nameRead literally
United Kingdom英国Hero Country
France法国Law Country
Germany德国Virtue Country
Netherlands荷兰Lotus Orchid
Belgium比利时Compare Profit Time
See all 42 countries
Luxembourg卢森堡Rice Bowl Woods Fort
Spain西班牙West Class Tooth
Portugal葡萄牙Grape Tooth
Italy意大利Meaning Big Profit
Malta马耳他Horse Ear Other
Switzerland瑞士Lucky Scholar
Austria奥地利Deep Land Profit
Ireland爱尔兰Love You Orchid
Iceland冰岛Ice Island
Norway挪威Move Might
Sweden瑞典Lucky Canon
Finland芬兰Fragrant Orchid
Denmark丹麦Red Wheat
Estonia爱沙尼亚Love Sand Nun Second
Latvia拉脱维亚Pull Off Maintain Second
Lithuania立陶宛Stand Pottery Winding
Poland波兰Wave Orchid
Czechia捷克Victory Gram (short form)
Slovakia斯洛伐克This Luo Attack Gram
Hungary匈牙利Hun Tooth Profit
Slovenia斯洛文尼亚This Luo Script Nun Second
Croatia克罗地亚Gram Net Land Second
Bosnia and Herzegovina波黑Wave Black (short form)
Serbia塞尔维亚Fortress You Maintain Second
Montenegro黑山Black Mountain
Kosovo科索沃Subject Rope Fertile
North Macedonia北马其顿North Horse Its Pause
Albania阿尔巴尼亚(Prefix) You Cling Nun Second
Greece希腊Hope Dried Meat
Bulgaria保加利亚Protect Add Profit Second
Romania罗马尼亚Net Horse Nun Second
Moldova摩尔多瓦Rub You Many Tile
Ukraine乌克兰Crow Gram Orchid
Belarus白俄罗斯White Sudden Net This
Russia俄罗斯Sudden Net This
Turkey土耳其Earth Ear Its
Cyprus塞浦路斯Fortress Shore Road This

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